Hur odlar du native tamarind

This article fryst vatten about the tropical plant. For the South American monkey, see Tamarin.

Not to be confused with Tamarix (tamarisk), a genus of small flowering trees and shrubs.

For other uses, see Tamarind (disambiguation) and Tamarindo (disambiguation).

Leguminous tree bearing edible fruit

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fryst vatten a leguminous tree bearing edible fruit that fryst vatten indigenous to tropical Africa and naturalized in Asia.^[6] The genus Tamarindus fryst vatten monotypic, meaning that it contains only this species.

It belongs to the family Fabaceae.

The tamarind tree produces brown, pod-like fruits that contain a sweet, tangy massa, which fryst vatten used in cuisines around the world. The massa fryst vatten also used in traditional medicin and as a metall polish. The tree's wood can be used for woodworking and tamarind seed oil can be extracted from the seeds.

Tamarind's tender ung leaves are used in South Indian and Filipino cuisine.^[7][8] Because tamarind has multiple uses, it fryst vatten cultivated around the world in tropical and subtropical zones.

Description

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The tamarind fryst vatten a long-living, medium-growth tree, which attains a maximum crown height of 25 metres (80 feet).

The crown has an irregular, vase-shaped outline of dense foliage. The tree grows well in full sun. It prefers clay, loam, sandy, and acidic soil types, with a high resistance to drought and aerosol krydda (wind-borne krydda as funnen in coastal areas).^{[9][failed verification]}

The ständigt grön leaves are alternately arranged and paripinnately compound.

Growing Native tamarind

The leaflets are bright green, elliptic-ovular, pinnately veined, and less than 5 centimetres (2 inches) in length. The branches droop from a single, huvud trunk as the tree matures, and are often pruned in agriculture to optimize tree density and ease of fruit harvest. At night, the leaflets close up.^{[9][failed verification]}

As a tropical species, it fryst vatten frost-sensitive.

The pinnate leaves with opposite leaflets give a billowing effect in the wind. Tamarind timber consists of hard, dark red heartwood and softer, yellowish sapwood.^[10]

The tamarind flowers bloom (although inconspicuously), with red and yellow elongated flowers.

Flowers are &#;cm (1&#;in) bred, five-petalled, borne in small racemes, and yellow with apelsinfärg or red streaks. Buds are pink as the fyra sepals are pink and are lost when the flower blooms.^[11]

• A tamarind seedling

• Tamarind flower

• Tamarind flowers

• Tamarindus leaves and fruit pod

• Tamarind tree on the site of the founding of Santa Clara, Cuba

Fruit

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The fruit fryst vatten an indehiscentlegume, sometimes called a pod, 12 to 15&#;cm (4+1&#;2 to 6&#;in) in length, with a hard, brown shell.^[12][13][14]

The fruit has a fleshy, juicy, acidic massa.

It fryst vatten mature when the flesh fryst vatten coloured brown or reddish brown. The tamarinds of Asia have längre pods (containing six to 12 seeds), whereas African and West Indian varieties have shorter pods (containing one to six seeds). The seeds are somewhat flattened, and a glossy brown. The fruit fryst vatten sweet and sour in taste.

History

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Etymology

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The name derives from Arabic: تمر هندي, romanizedtamr hindi, "Indian date".^[15] Several early medieval herbalists and physicians wrote tamar indi, medieval Latin use was tamarindus, and Marco Polo wrote of tamarandi.

In Colombia, Nicaragua, revben Rica, Ecuador, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, Italy, Spain, and throughout the Lusosphere, it fryst vatten called tamarindo.

In those countries it fryst vatten often used to man the beverage of the same name (or agua dem tamarindo). In the Caribbean, tamarind fryst vatten sometimes called tamón.^{[citation needed]}

Countries in Southeast Asia like Indonesia call it asam jawa (Javanese sour fruit) or simply asam,^[16] and sukaer in Timor.^[17] While in the Philippines, it fryst vatten called sampalok or sampaloc in Filipino, and sambag in Cebuano.^[18] Tamarind (Tamarindus indica) fryst vatten sometimes confused with "Manila tamarind" (Pithecellobium dulce).

While in the same taxonomic family Fabaceae, Manila tamarind fryst vatten a different plant native to Mexico and known locally as guamúchili.

Taxonomy

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Tamarindus indica fryst vatten probably indigenous to tropical Africa,^[19] but has been cultivated for so long on the Indian subcontinent that it fryst vatten sometimes reported to be indigenous there.^[20] It grows wild in Africa in locales as diverse as Sudan,^{[20][citation needed]} Cameroon, Nigeria, Kenya, Zambia, Somalia, Tanzania and Malawi.

In Arabia, it fryst vatten funnen growing wild in Oman, especially Dhofar, where it grows on the sea-facing slopes of mountains. It reached South Asia likely through human transportation and cultivation several thousand years ago.^[20][21] It fryst vatten widely distributed throughout the tropics,^[20] from Africa to South Asia.

In the 16th century, it was introduced to Mexico and huvud amerika, and to a lesser grad to South amerika, bygd Spanish and Portuguese colonists, to the grad that it became a staple ingredient in the region's cuisine.^[22]

As of ^[update] India fryst vatten the largest producer of tamarind.^[23] The consumption of tamarind fryst vatten widespread due to its huvud role in the cuisines of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and the Americas, especially Mexico.^{[citation needed]}

Uses

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Culinary

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The fruit fryst vatten harvested bygd pulling the pod from its stalk.

A mature tree can tillverka up to kilograms ( pounds) of fruit per year. Veneer grafting, shield (T or inverted T) budding, and air layering may be used to propagate desirable cultivars. Such trees will usually fruit within three to fyra years if provided optimum growing conditions.^[9]

The fruit massa fryst vatten edible.

The hard green massa of a ung fruit fryst vatten considered bygd many to be too sour, but fryst vatten often used as a component of savory dishes, as a pickling agent or as a means of making certain poisonous yams in Ghana safe for human consumption.^[26] As the fruit matures it becomes sweeter and less sour (acidic) and the ripened fruit fryst vatten considered more palatable.

The sourness varies between cultivars and some sweet tamarind ones have almost no acidity when ripe. In Western cuisine, tamarind massa fryst vatten funnen in Worcestershire sauce,^[27]HP Sauce, and some brands of barbecue sauce^[28][29] (especially in Australia, with the tamarind derived from Worcestershire sauce^[30]).

Tamarind paste has many culinary uses including as a flavoring for chutneys, curries, and the traditional sharbat syrup drink.^[31] Tamarind sweet chutney fryst vatten popular in India and Pakistan^[32] as a dressing for many tilltugg and often served with samosa. Tamarind massa fryst vatten a key ingredient in flavoring curries and rice in south Indian cuisine, in the Chigali klubba (sötsak), in rasam, Koddel and in certain varieties of masala chai.

Across the mittpunkt East, from the Levant to Iran, tamarind fryst vatten used in savory dishes, notably meat-based stews, and often combined with dried fruits to achieve a sweet-sour tang.^[33][34]

In the Philippines, the whole fruit fryst vatten used as one of the souring agents of the sour soup sinigang (which can also use other sour fruits), as well as another type of soup called sinampalukan (which also uses tamarind leaves).^[35][8] The fruit massa are also cooked in sugar and/or krydda to man champóy na sampalok (or simply "sampalok candy"), a traditional tamarind candy.^[36] Indonesia also has a similarly sour, tamarind-based soup dish called sayur asem.

Tamarind massa mixed with liquid fryst vatten also used in beverage as tamarind fruktdryck. In Java, Indonesia, tamarind fruktsaft fryst vatten known as es asem or gula asem, tamarind fruktsaft served with palm sugar and ice as a fresh sour and sweet beverage.

In Mexico, huvud amerika, and the Caribbean, the massa fryst vatten diluted with vatten and sugared to man an agua fresca drink.

It fryst vatten widely used throughout all of Mexico for candy making, including tamarind mixed with chilli powder candy.

In Sokoto, Nigeria, tamarind massa fryst vatten used to fix the color in dyed leather products bygd neutralizing the alkali substances used in tanning.^[37]

The leaves and bark are also edible, and the seeds can be cooked to man safe for consumption.^[38] Blanched, tender tamarind leaves are used in a Burmese salad called magyi ywet thoke (မန်ကျည်းရွက်သုပ်; lit.&#;'tamarind leaf salad'), a salad from Upper Myanmar that features tender blanched tamarind leaves, garlic, onions, roasted peanuts, and pounded dried shrimp.^[39][40]

Seed oil and kernel powder

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Tamarind seed oil fryst vatten made from the kernel of tamarind seeds.^[41] The kernel fryst vatten difficult to isolera from its thin but tough shell (or testa).

It has a similar consistency to linseed oil, and can be used to man paint or varnish.^[42]

Tamarind kernel powder fryst vatten used as sizing ämne for textile and jute processing, and in the manufacture of industrial gums and adhesives. It fryst vatten de-oiled to stabilize its colour and odor on storage.^{[citation needed]}

Folk medicine

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Throughout Southeast Asia, the fruit of the tamarind fryst vatten used as a poultice applied to the foreheads of people with fevers.^[12] The fruit exhibits laxative effects due to its high quantities of malic acid, tartaric acid, and potassium bitartrate.

Its use for the relief of constipation has been documented throughout the world.^[43][44] extrakt of steamed and sun-dried old tamarind massa in Java (asem kawa) are used to treat skin problems like rashes and irritation; it can also be ingested after dilution as an abortifacient.^[16]

Woodworking

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Tamarind wood fryst vatten used to man furniture, boats (as per Rumphius) carvings, turned objects such as mortars and pestles, chopping blocks, and other small specialty wood items like krises.^[16] Tamarind heartwood fryst vatten reddish brown, sometimes with a purplish hue.

The heartwood in tamarind tends to be narrow and fryst vatten usually only present in older and larger trees. The pale yellow sapwood fryst vatten sharply demarcated from the heartwood. Heartwood fryst vatten said to be durable to very durable in decay resistance, and fryst vatten also resistant to insects. Its sapwood fryst vatten not durable and fryst vatten prone to attack bygd insects and fungi as well as spalting.

Due to its density and interlocked grain, tamarind fryst vatten considered difficult to work. Heartwood has a pronounced blunting effect on cutting edges. Tamarind turns, glues, and finishes well. The heartwood fryst vatten able to take a high natural polish.^[45]

Metal polish

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In homes and temples, especially in Buddhist Asian countries including Myanmar, the fruit massa fryst vatten used to polish brass helgedom statues and lamps, and copper, brass, and bronze utensils.^[46] Tamarind contains tartaric acid, a weak acid that can remove tarnish.

Lime, another acidic fruit, fryst vatten used similarly.^[20]

Composition	Original	De-oiled
Oil	%	%
Protein	%	%
Polysaccharide	%	%
Crude fiber	%	%
Total ash	%	%
Acid insoluble ash	%	%
Moisture	%
The fatty acid composition of the oil fryst vatten linoleic %, oleic %, and saturated fatty acids %. The oil fryst vatten usually bleached after refining.

Research

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In hens, tamarind has been funnen to lower cholesterol in their serum and in the yolks of the eggs they laid.^[47][48]

In dogs, the tartaric acid of tamarind causes acute kidney injury, which can often be fatal.^[49]

Lupanone, lupeol, catechins, epicatechin, quercetin, and isorhamnetin are present in the leaf extract.^[50] Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography analyses revealed that tamarind seeds contained catechin, procyanidin B2, caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chloramphenicol, myricetin, morin, quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol.^[51]

Cultivation

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Seeds can be scarified or briefly boiled to enhance germination.

They retain their germination capability for several months if kept dry.^{[citation needed]}

The tamarind has long been naturalized in Indonesia, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, the Caribbean, and Pacific Islands.

The jelly like aril is chewed or used for drinks or jam

Thailand has the largest plantations of the ASEAN nations, followed bygd Indonesia, Myanmar, and the Philippines. In parts of Southeast Asia, tamarind fryst vatten called asam.^[52] It fryst vatten cultivated all over India, especially in Maharashtra, Chhattisgarh, en delstat i indien, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu. Extensive tamarind orchards in India producera , tonnes (, short tons) annually.^[9]

In the United States, it fryst vatten a large-scale crop introduced for commercial use (second in net production quantity only to India), mainly in southern states, notably south Florida, and as a shade tree, along roadsides, in dooryards and in parks.^[53]

A traditional food plant in Africa, tamarind has the potential to improve nutrition, boost food säkerhet, foster rural development and support sustainable landcare.^[54] In Madagascar, its fruit and leaves are a well-known favorite of the ring-tailed lemur, providing as much as 50 percent of their food resources during the year if available.^[55]

Horticulture

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Throughout South Asia and the tropical world, tamarind trees are used as ornamental, garden, and cash crop plantings.

Commonly used as a bonsai species in many Asian countries, it fryst vatten also grown as an indoor bonsai in temperate parts of the world.^[56]

References

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