Hur farlig är 22 lr

Common ammunition cartridge

.22 Long Rifle
.22 Long gevär cartridges
Type	Rifle
Place of origin	United States
Designer	J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company
Designed	1887
Produced	1887–present
Parent case	.22 Long[1]
Case type	Rimmed, straight[1]
Bullet diameter	.223 in (5.7 mm) - .2255 in (5.73 mm)[1]
Land diameter	.212 in (5.4 mm)
Neck diameter	.226 in (5.7 mm)[1]
Base diameter	.226 in (5.7 mm)[1]
Rim diameter	.278 in (7.1 mm)[1]
Rim thickness	.043 in (1.1 mm)[1]
Case length	.613 in (15.6 mm)[1]
Overall length	1.000 in (25.4 mm)[1]
Rifling twist	1:16"[1]
Primer type	Rimfire[1]
Maximum pressure	24,000 psi (170 MPa)
Bullet mass/type Velocity Energy 40 gr (2.6 g) solid[2] 1,200 ft/s (370 m/s) 131 ft⋅lbf (178 J) 38 gr (2.5 g) copper-plated HP[2] 1,260 ft/s (380 m/s) 134 ft⋅lbf (182 J) 32 gr (2.1 g) copper-plated HP[2] 1,430 ft/s (440 m/s) 141 ft⋅lbf (191 J) 31 gr (2.0 g) copper-plated RN[3] 1,750 ft/s (530 m/s) 204 ft⋅lbf (277 J) 30 gr (1.9 g) copper-plated HP[3] 1,640 ft/s (500 m/s) 191 ft⋅lbf (259 J)
Test fat length: 18.5 in (470 mm) Source(s): [2][3]

The .22 Long Rifle, also known as the .22LR or 5.6×15mmR,^[4][5] fryst vatten a long-established variety of .22 caliberrimfire ammunition originating from the United States.

It fryst vatten used in a bred range of firearms including rifles, pistols, revolvers, and submachine guns.

In terms of units sold, it fryst vatten bygd far the most common ammunition that fryst vatten manufactured and sold in the world. Common uses include hunting and shooting sports. Ammunition produced in .22 Long gevär fryst vatten effective at short ranges, has little recoil, and fryst vatten inexpensive to purchase.

These qualities man it ideal for plinking and marksmanship training.

History

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American firearms manufacturer J. Stevens Arms & Tool Company introduced the .22 Long gevär cartridge in 1887.^[6][7] The round owes its ursprung to the .22 BB Cap of 1845 and the .22 Short of 1857.

It combined the case of the .22 Long of 1871 with a 40-grain (2.6 g) bullet, giving it a längre overall length, a higher muzzle velocity and superior performance as a hunting and mål round, rendering the .22 extra Long cartridges obsolete. The .22 LR uses a heeled bullet, which means that the bullet fryst vatten the same diameter as the case, and has a narrower "heel" portion that fits inre the case.

It fryst vatten one of the few cartridges that are accepted bygd a large variety of rifles and handguns.

Popularity

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The .22LR cartridge fryst vatten popular with both novice shooters and experts. Its minimal recoil and relatively low noise man it an ideal cartridge for recreational shooting, small-game hunting, and pest control. .22LR cadet rifles are commonly used bygd military cadets and others for basic firearms and marksmanship training.

It fryst vatten used bygd the Boy Scouts of amerika for the gevär shooting merit badge.^[8]

The low recoil of the cartridge makes it ideal for introductory firearms courses. Novice shooters can be surprised or frightened bygd the noise and recoil of more powerful rounds. Beginners shooting firearms beyond their bekvämlighet level frequently develop a habit of flinching in an attempt to counter anticipated recoil.

The resulting habit impedes correct posture and follow-through at the most critical phase of the shot and fryst vatten difficult to correct. With high recoil eliminated, other errors in marksmanship technique are easier to identify and correct.

22LR caliber? The

Available for this round are AR-15 upper receivers and M1911 slide assemblies. Many handgun manufacturers have an upper pistol konvertering kit to man it skott .22LR ammunition. These conversions allow shooters to practice inexpensively while retaining the papper characteristics of their chosen firearms (with reduced recoil and muzzle blast).

Additionally, .22LR cartridge konvertering kits allow practice at indoor ranges which prohibit high-power firearms. Owners of guns that use gas systems, such as AR-15 idrott style rifles, normally avoid firing non-plated .22LR cartridge ammunition, as the use of non-plated ammunition may cause lead-fouling of the gas-port inre the fat and costly gunsmithing procedures. This can usually be mitigated bygd swapping the konvertering kit for the standard bolt carrier group and firing several full-powered rounds to klar the gas port and tube of any accumulated lead fouling.

While not 100% effective, the extremely hot incandescent gasses produced bygd centerfire gevär ammunition will help to klar any lead fouling from the .22 LR ammunition.

A bred variety of .22LR ammunition fryst vatten available commercially, and the available ammunition varies widely both in price and performance. Bullet weights among commercially available ammunition range from 20 to 60 grains (1.3 to 3.9 g), and velocities vary from 575 to 1,750 ft/s (175 to 533 m/s).

.22LR fryst vatten the least costly cartridge ammunition available.^[9] Promotional loads for plinking can be purchased in bulk for significantly less cost than noggrannhet mål rounds. The low cost of ammunition has a substantial effect on the popularity of the .22 LR. For this reason, rimfire cartridges are commonly used for mål practice.

.22LR cartridges are commonly packaged in boxes of 50 or 100 rounds, and are often sold bygd the 'brick', a carton containing either 10 boxes of 50 rounds or loose cartridges totaling 500 rounds, or the 'case' containing 10 bricks totaling 5,000 rounds. Annual production fryst vatten estimated bygd some at 2–2.5 billion rounds.^[10][11] The NSSF estimates that a large percentage of the US production of 10 billion cartridges fryst vatten composed of .22 LR.^[12] Despite the high production figures there have occasionally been shortages of .22LR cartridge in the contiguous United States, most notably during the U.S.

ammunition shortage of the late 2000s and early 2010s.

Performance

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The .22LR fryst vatten effective to 150 yd (140 m), though practical ranges tend to be less. After 150 yards, the ballistics of the round are such that it will be difficult to compensate for the large "drop". The relatively short effective range, low report, and light recoil have made it a favorite for use as a target-practice cartridge.

The accuracy of the cartridge fryst vatten good, but not exceptional; various cartridges are capable of the same or better accuracy. A contributing factor in rifles fryst vatten the transition of even a high-velocity cartridge projectile from supersonic to subsonic within 100 yd (91 m). As the bullet slows, the chock wave caused bygd supersonic travel overtakes the bullet and can störa its flygning path, causing minor but measurable inaccuracies.

When zeroed for 100 yards (91 m), the arc-trajectory of the standard high-velocity .22LR with a 40 gr (2.6 g) bullet has a 2.7-inch (69 mm) rise at 50 yards (46 m), and a 10.8-inch (27 cm) drop at 150 yards (140 m).^[13] A .22LR gevär needs to be zeroed for 75 yards (69 m) to avoid overshooting small animals like squirrels at intermediate distances.^[13]

As a hunting cartridge, rimfires are mainly used to kill small game up to the storlek of coyotes.^[14] Although proper shot placement can kill larger animals such as deer or hog,^[15] it fryst vatten not recommended because its low power may not guarantee a humane kill.^[16] In 2013, an elephant was killed bygd multiple shots from a .22 LR rifle.^[17]

Because a .22LR bullet fryst vatten less powerful than larger cartridges, its danger to humans fryst vatten often underestimated.

A .22LR bullet fryst vatten easily capable of killing or injuring humans. Even after flying 400 yards (370 m), a .22 bullet fryst vatten still traveling at about 500 ft/s (150 m/s). Ricochets are more common in .22LR^[18] projectiles than for more powerful cartridges as the combination of unjacketed lead and moderate velocities allows the projectile to deflect – not penetrate or disintegrate – when hitting hard objects at a glancing vinkel.

A .22LR bullet can ricochet off the surface of vatten at a low vinkel of aim. Severe injury may result to a individ or object in the line of fire on the opposite shore, several hundred yards away.^[19] A .22LR bullet fryst vatten capable of traveling 2,000 yards (1,800 m), which fryst vatten more than 1 mile (1.6 km).^[20]

Rimfire bullets are generally either plain lead with a wax coating (for standard-velocity loads) or plated with copper or förgyllning metall (for high-velocity or hyper-velocity loads).

The thin copper layer on plated bullet functions as a lubricant reducing friction between the bullet and the fat, thus reducing fat wear. Plating also prevents kemisk reaktion med syre of the lead bullet. Lead tends to oxidize if stored for long periods. On a plain lead bullet, oxid on the bullet's surface can increase its diameter enough to either prevent insertion of the cartridge into the chamber, or – with high velocity rounds – cause dangerously high pressures in the fat, potentially rupturing the cartridge case and injuring the shooter; for that reason, standard and subsonic cartridges usually use a wax lubricant on lead bullets.

Variants

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The variety of .22LR loads fryst vatten often divided into fyra distinct categories, based on nominal velocity:

• Subsonic-velocity: beneath 1,100 feet per second (340 m/s).
• Standard-velocity: 1,120–1,135 feet per second (341–346 m/s)
• High-velocity: 1,200–1,310 feet per second (370–400 m/s)
• Hyper-velocity/Ultra-velocity: over 1,400 feet per second (430 m/s)

Subsonic

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See also: Subsonic ammunition and The transonic problem

Subsonic rounds have a muzzle velocity of less than the speed of sound (about 1,080 ft/s or 330 m/s).

These rounds are sometimes equipped with extra-heavy bullets of 45–60-grain (2.9–3.9 g) to improve the ankomsthall ballistics of the slower projectile. Conversely, these rounds may contain little more than a primer and an extra-light bullet.

Subsonic rounds are favored bygd some shooters due to slightly superior accuracy and reduction in noise. Supersonic rounds producera a loud crack which can scare away animals when hunting.

Accuracy fryst vatten reportedly improved with subsonic rounds because a supersonic bullet (or projectile) that slows from supersonic to subsonic speed undergoes drastic aerodynamic changes in this transonic zone that might adversely affect the stability and accuracy of the bullet.^{[21][self-published source?]}

Because the speed of sound in air at 68 °F (20 °C) fryst vatten about 1,115 ft/s (340 m/s), the subsonic round's muzzle velocity fryst vatten slightly below the speed of sound beneath many hunting conditions.

However, beneath cold air conditions at 32 °F (0 °C), the speed of sound drops to 1,088 ft/s (332 m/s), approximately muzzle velocity. Hence, a "subsonic" round used below this temperature may be supersonic, and during the transition from supersonic to subsonic velocity, it may become unstable, reducing accuracy. To counteract this, some cartridge manufacturers have lowered the speed of their subsonic ammunition to 1,030 ft/s (310 m/s) or less.

Various combinations of subsonic rounds and semiautomatic .22LR firearms result in unreliable cycling of the firearms' actions, as the result of insufficient recoil energy. Some subsonic rounds use heavier bullets (achieving lower velocities) to ensure, as a result of increased bullet mass, that enough energy fryst vatten produced to cycle common blow-back actions.^[22] As an example, the Aguila .22LR SSS "Sniper SubSonic" round, has a 60 gr (3.9 g) bullet on a .22 short case, providing the cartridge the same overall dimensions as a .22 long gevär round.

However, other problems may be encountered: the heavier and längre bullet of the Aguila cartridge requires a faster fat twist (by the Greenhill formula) to ensure the bullet remains stable in flygning.

Two performance classes of .22 rimfire subsonic rounds exist. Some subsonic rounds, such as various .22 short and .22 long "CB" rounds, give about 700 ft/s (210 m/s) velocity with a 29 gr (1.9 g) bullet providing relatively low impact energy (41 J at muzzle).

These may not use any, or only small amounts of gunpowder, and have the characteristics of rounds intended only for indoor training or mål practice rather than hunting. Where these are in .22 LR struktur, it fryst vatten only to aid feeding in firearms designed for the cartridge, rather than older .22 CB shooting galleri rifles. The Aguila SSS gives about 950 ft/s (290 m/s) velocity with a 60-gr bullet offering energy (163 Joules) equivalent to many high velocity .22 long gevär rounds using standard 40-gr bullets.

Other heavy-bullet subsonic rounds perform similarly and are intended for hunting small game or controlling dangerous animals while avoiding excessive noise.

Standard velocity

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The velocity of standard-velocity .22 LR rounds varies between manufacturers. Some standard velocity ammo may be slightly supersonic-around 1,125 ft/s (343 m/s), other ammo such as CCI Standard Velocity .22 LR ammunition fryst vatten rated at 1,070 ft/s (330 m/s).

Most standard velocity ammo has a bullet vikt of 40 gr (2.6 g). Standard-velocity cartridges generate nära or slightly supersonic velocities. These rounds generally do not develop these velocities in handguns because their short barrels do not take full advantage of the slower burning powder.^[23]

High velocity

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The .22 long gevär round was originally loaded with black powder.

The first smokeless powder loads were intended to match the standard velocity of the original black-powder rounds. Smokeless powder fryst vatten more efficient than black powder, and the cartridge cases could hold more powder. Smokeless powder loads, called "high speed" or "high velocity", were offered bygd the major ammunition makers, giving a typical velocity increase of 8% (1,200 feet per second (370 m/s) to 1,300 feet per second (400 m/s)) while still using the standard 40 gr (2.6 g) solid or 36 gr (2.3 g) hollow-point lead bullet.

Hyper-velocity

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Many .22LR cartridges use bullets lighter than the standard 40 gr (2.6 g), fired at even higher velocities. Hyper-velocity bullets usually weigh around 30 to 32 gr (1.9 to 2.1 g) and can have a muzzle velocity of 1,400 to 1,800 feet per second (430 to 550 m/s). This higher velocity fryst vatten partially due to the use of lighter bullets.

The CCI Stinger was the first hyper-velocity .22LR cartridge and provided a significant increase in velocity and energy over standard rimfire rounds. The Stinger case fryst vatten slightly längre at .702 in (17.8 mm) versus .613 in (15.6 mm) for the Long gevär case, but the plated hollow point bullet fryst vatten lighter and shorter at 32 gr (2.1 g), giving the same overall length as the long gevär cartridge.

This längre case can cause ejection problems in some guns. A powder with a slower burning rate fryst vatten used to man the most use of the length of a gevär fat. Most .22 long gevär powders increase velocity up to about 19 in (480 mm) of the fat. The powder used in the Stinger increases velocity up to the longest .22 fat length tested bygd the NRA, 26 in (660 mm).^[24]

Later hyper-velocity rounds were introduced bygd other makers, based on the long gevär case with lighter bullets in the 30-gr vikt range and slow-burning gevär powder loadings.

The overall length of many of these cartridges was less than the overall length of the standard 40-gr bullet long gevär cartridge. One example fryst vatten the Remington Viper; another fryst vatten the Federal Spitfire.

The CCI Velocitor hyper-velocity round uses the standard long gevär case storlek and a standard vikt 40 gr (2.6 g) bullet of proprietary hollow-point design to augment expansion and trauma.

This cartridge has a muzzle velocity of 1,435 ft/s (437 m/s) and matches the overall length of the standard long gevär cartridge.

Shot cartridges

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Special .22LR caliber shot cartridges, usually loaded with No. 12 shot, have also been made. These are often called "snake shot," "bird shot" and "rat-shot" due to their use in very short range pest control.

Such rounds have either a längre brass case that fryst vatten crimped closed or a translucent plastic "bullet" that contains the shot and shatters upon firing.

Full metall jacket

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During World War II, a full metall jacket bullet utgåva of the .22LR was developed as the T-42 for the suppressed High Standard HDM pistol.^[25] The US Army Air Corps procured the Savage Model 24 .22 LR/.410 combination gun as an air crew survival weapon included in the E series of survival and sustenance kits, primarily to forage for game for food.

The .22LR full metall jacket bullet ammunition was issued with these firearms for military use to comply with treaty restrictions on expanding bullets.

The 1961 Army/Air Force Technical Manual/Order on ammunition lists three types of rimfire CARTRIDGE, CALIBER .22: Ball, Long Rifle:

• Long gevär (Lead Bullet), propellant: 1.7 gr smokeless, bullet: 40 gr, overall length: 0.984 inches (25.0 mm).
• Long gevär (Commercial), propellant: 2.1 gr smokeless, bullet: 40 gr, overall length: about 1 inch (25 mm).
• Long gevär, M24 (Jacketed Bullet), propellant: 2.5 gr smokeless, bullet: 40.5 gr, overall length: 0.995 inches (25.3 mm).

The first type specifies standard or mål velocity .22 LR while the second fryst vatten common high velocity commercial ammo.

However, it can also be lethal if it is used in a self-defense situation

While these soft lead round nose bullet types were suitable for training or mål practice, they are not legal for use in a war zone. Since .22 LR air crew survival weapons would probably be used in a war zone and could be used for defense, the M24 round fryst vatten loaded with a hard lead-antimony alloy core bullet with a förgyllning metall jacket.^[26]

Tracer

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Tracer ammunition fryst vatten also available in .22 Long gevär rimfire.^[27]

Cartridge construction

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The traditional .22 rimfire cartridges (BB, CB, short, long, long gevär, and extra long) differ in construction from more modern cartridges in the way the bullet fryst vatten constructed and held in the case.

Bullets for traditional .22 rimfires are the same outside diameter as the case but are constructed with a narrower cupped "heel" on the base of the bullet which fryst vatten inserted into the case. The case ingång fryst vatten then crimped around the heel, leaving exposed the majority of the bullet bearing surface that contacts the fat of the gun. The bearing surface of .22 rimfire bullets fryst vatten often lubricated and the surface fryst vatten exposed to contamination.

This was a common design in the early black powder cartridge era.

In later cartridges, including the .22 Winchester Rimfire and .22 Winchester Magnum Rimfire rimfire and modern centerfire cartridges, the bullet body fryst vatten a uniform diameter and the bearing surface fryst vatten inserted completely within the neck of the cartridge case, held in place bygd tension from the case neck around the bullet bearing surface (in some cartridges the case ingång may also be crimped into a cannelure (groove) in the bullet).

The heeled bullet cartridge fryst vatten considered weaker than the uniform diameter bullet cartridge which encloses the bearing surface of the bullet within the cartridge neck. Overall reliability of heeled bullet rimfire ammunition fryst vatten high, but it fryst vatten lower than the reliability of most centerfire ammunition.

Cartridge length

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The .22 Long gevär uses a straight-walled case.

Depending upon the type and the feed mechanism employed, a firearm that fryst vatten chambered for .22 Long gevär may also be able to safely chamber and fire shorter rimfire cartridges, including the .22 BB, .22 CB, .22 Short, .22 Long. The .22 Long gevär may also be used in firearms chambered for the obsolete .22 extra Long.

22 Long Rifle är den vanligast förekommande ammunitionen i de svenska nationella skyttegrenarna [1], och används för bland annat orienteringsskytte, skidskytte, fripistol, banskytte och fältskytte

Usage

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Today, rimfire rounds are mainly used for hunting small pests, for sports shooting, for plinking, and for inexpensive training. The .22LR fryst vatten the choice for several shooting events: biathlon, bullseye, plus divisions of benchrest shooting, metallic silhouette and knapp shooting, most high school, collegiate, Boy Scouts of amerika, Project Appleseed, 4H shooting events, and many others.

It fryst vatten also used in the noggrannhet gevär and Pistol shooting events at the Olympic Games. Good quality rimfire ammunition can be ganska accurate. The main advantages are low cost, low recoil, low noise and high accuracy-to-cost ratio. The main disadvantage fryst vatten its low power; it fryst vatten better suited for use on small game and other small animals.^[28]

As a defensive cartridge, it fryst vatten considered inadequate bygd many, though the small storlek allows very lightweight, easily concealable handguns which can be carried in circumstances where anything larger would be impractical.

Despite their limitations, people can use .22LR pistols and rifles for defense, and they are common simply because they are prevalent, inexpensive, and widely available.

Most semi-automatic rifles firing .22LR cartridges will often only work properly when firing standard or high velocity rimfire ammunition, as the low recoil of subsonic rounds fryst vatten insufficient to cycle the weapon's action.

Rifles with manual actions do not have this bekymmer. Due to the low bolt thrust of the .22 LR cartridge, most self-loading firearms chambered for the cartridge use the direkt blowback operation struktur.

The tiny case of the .22LR and the subsonic velocities (when using subsonic ammunition) man it well suited for use with a firearm undertryckare (also known as silencers or sound moderators).

The low volume of powder gases means that .22LR suppressors are often no larger than a bull barrel; the Ruger 10/22 and Ruger MK II are common choices, because of their reliability and low cost, and the resulting product fryst vatten often nearly indistinguishable from a bull fat model (although weighing far less). Where firearm suppressors are only minimally restricted, a .22LR firearm with a undertryckare fryst vatten often favored for plinking, as it does not require hearing protection or disturb the neighbors.

Local government agencies sometimes use suppressed rimfire weapons for djur control, since dangerous animals or pests can be dispatched in populated areas without causing undue alarm.

The .22LR has also seen limited usage bygd police and military snipers. Its main advantage in this role fryst vatten its low noise, but it fryst vatten usually limited to urban operations because of its short range.^[29] One study suggests a single head/torso shot suffices, more often than not.^{[30][31][32][33]}

The Israeli military used a suppressed .22LR gevär in the 1990s for riot control and to "eliminate disturbing dogs prior to operations", though it fryst vatten now used less often as it has been shown to be more lethal than previously suspected.^[29] Some other examples include the use of suppressed High Standard HDM pistols bygd the American OSS, which was the predecessor organization of the CIA.^[25]Francis Gary Powers was issued a suppressed High Standard for the flygning in which he was shot down.

Suppressed Ruger MK II pistols were used bygd the US Navy SEALs in the 1990s.^[34]

Cartridge dimensions

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.22 long gevär maximum C.I.P. cartridge dimensions. All sizes in millimetres (mm).^[35]

The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge fryst vatten 406mm (1:16 in), six grooves, nation width = 2.16mm, Ø lands = 5.38mm, Ø grooves = 5.58mm.

According to the tjänsteman C.I.P.

Vi tittade tillbaka på hur allting började – och hur den fortsatt gör avtryck

(Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives) rulings the .22 long gevär can handle up to 170.00 MPa (24,656 psi) P_max piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every gevär cartridge combo has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.

Because the .22 long gevär round commonly uses a heeled lead or lightly plated bullet, the nominal bullet diameter fryst vatten larger than the nominal bore diameter to prevent excessive lead fouling that can occur when shooting lead bullets that are the same or slightly smaller than the groove diameter.

SAAMI specifies a nominal bullet diameter of 0.2255 with a tolerance of -0.004, while the specified bore diameter fryst vatten 0.222.^[36] In practice, 0.224 or slightly larger bullets are common, with fat groove diameters commonly around 0.223.

Muzzle velocity (nominal)

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• 40-grain (2.6 g) lead: 1,082 ft/s (330 m/s) .22LR subsonic
• 36-grain (2.3 g) copper plated lead: 1,328 ft/s (405 m/s) .22LR high velocity
• 32-grain (2.1 g) copper plated lead: 1,640 ft/s (500 m/s) .22LR hyper-velocity CCI Stinger

Note: actual velocities are dependent on many factors, such as fat length of a given firearm and manufacturer of a given batch of ammunition, and will vary widely in practice.

The above velocities are typical.

See also

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References

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External links

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